Cross-Sectional Study The Australian Census run by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, is an example of a whole of population cross-sectional study. 1 Have you ever wondered how marketers know how to target you for products? 2016;61(3):261-4. doi:10.4103/0019-5154.182410. A cross-sectional study (also referred to as cross-sectional research) is simply a study in which data are collected at one point in time. A cross-sectional study may be purely descriptive and used to assess the frequency and distribution of a particular disease in a defined population. The researcher who decides to conduct research on a particular subject can use many research designs. This type of research is frequently used to determine the prevailing characteristics in a population at a certain point in time. Choosing a representative sampleA cross-sectional study should be representative of the population if generalizations from the findings are to have any validity. Read our, Defining Characteristics of Cross-Sectional Studies, How Longitudinal Research Is Used in Psychology, Understanding the Frameworks Used in Developmental Psychology, How to Form a Hypothesis Statement for Psychology Research, Why Correlational Studies Are Used in Psychological Research, 18 Psychology Research Terms You Need to Know, How Psychologists Use Different Research in Experiments. In Study Three, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted with a total of 3,714 Korean and Pākehā from three groups (i.e., Koreans in Korea, Koreans in … For example, a study of the prevalence of diabetes among women aged 40-60 years in Town A should comprise a random sample of all women aged 40-60 years in that town.Sample SizeThe sample size should be sufficiently large enough to estimate the prevalence of the conditions of interest with adequate precision. The following example demonstrates how to calculate a sample size for a cohort or cross-sectional study. Survey responses were combined with instantaneous reproductive number (R t) estimates from two … Some of the key characteristics of a cross-sectional study include:. If you encounter a problem downloading a file, please try again from a laptop or desktop. Please choose from an option shown below. Do you think everyone gets the same ads in their mailboxes? To make our choice, we need to know more about the benefits and purpose of each study type. It contrasts with a longitudinal s. One of the advantages of cross-sectional studies is that since data is collected all at once, it's less likely that participants will quit the study before data is fully collected. They might collect data from different age groups on how much exercise they get and how well they perform on cognitive tests. 1. Researchers are then able to amass large amounts of information from a large pool of participants. Cohort study (‘prospective study’) At the same time as the exposure or intervention? This can influence the validity of the study. In a cross-sectional study, investigators measure outcomes and exposures of the study subjects at the same time. Setting: 5 academic internal medicine practices and 2 federally qualified health centers. ), It's often used to look at the prevailing characteristics in a given population, It can provide information about what is happening in a current population. Cross-sectional surveys can thus be contrasted with panel surveys, for which the individual respondents are followed over time. Cross-sectional study is defined as an observational study where data is collected as a whole to study a population at a single point in time to examine the relationship between variables of interest. The second requires a longitudinal study. doi: 10.2196/21672. It is used for examining phenomena expected to remain static through the period of interest. Cross-sectional studies are often used in developmental psychology, but this method is also used in many other areas, including social science and education. In medical research, a cross-sectional study is a type of observational study design that involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. Cross-sectional studies are popular because they have several benefits that make them useful to researchers. In other words, data are collected on a snapshot basis, as opposed to collecting data at multiple points in time (for example, once a week, once a month, etc) and assessing how it changes over time. A cross-sectional study is a cheap and easy way to gather initial data and identify correlations that can then be investigated further in a longitudinal study. Groups can be affected by cohort differences that arise from the particular experiences of a unique group of people. Evid Based Dent. Cross-sectional studies can be a useful research tool in many areas of health research. This study type is also known as cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, or prevalence study. The reason why it is known as the cross-sectional study design is due to the information regarding X … Design: Cross-sectional survey linked to 3 active clinical trials and 1 cohort study. By learning more about what is going on in a specific population, researchers are better able to understand relationships that might exist between certain variables and develop further studies that explore these conditions in greater depth. Cross-sectional studyis a research tool u… It is described as taking a “snapshot” of a group of individuals. Chinese Residents' Perceptions of COVID-19 During the Pandemic: Online Cross-sectional Survey Study J Med Internet Res. No method of research is perfect. A cross-sectional study is one of the observational studies that is also called as a prevalence study, or transverse study. Political Science and International Relations, https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412963947.n120, Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology (CASM), Multi-Level Integrated Database Approach (MIDA), Video Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (VCASI), Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI), Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI), Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI), Computerized Self-Administered Questionnaires (CSAQ), Operations - Interviewer-Administered Surveys, Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI), Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations, Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Regulations, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and the Virtual Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI) Facility, Computerized-Response Audience Polling (CRAP), Self-Selected Listener Opinion Poll (SLOP), Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) Sampling, Troldahl-Carter-Bryant Respondent Selection Method, American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR), American Statistical Association Section on Survey Research Methods (ASA-SRMS), Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Council for Marketing and Opinion Research (CMOR), Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO), International Field Directors and Technologies Conference (IFD&TC), International Journal of Public Opinion Research (IJPOR), International Social Survey Programme (ISSP), Joint Program in Survey Methodology (JPSM), National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), National Household Education Surveys (NHES) Program, World Association for Public Opinion Research (WAPOR), Finite Population Correction (fpc) Factor, Replicate Methods for Variance Estimation, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), CCPA – Do Not Sell My Personal Information. This method is often used to make inferences about possible relationships or to gather preliminary data to support further research and experimentation. Data is often obtained inexpensively using self-report surveys. This type of research can be used to describe characteristics that exist in a community, but not to determine cause-and-effect relationships between different variables. We could, for example, look at age, gender, income and educational level in relation to walking and cholesterol levels, with little or no additional cost. While cross-sectional studies cannot be used to determine causal relationships, they can provide a useful springboard to further research. In a cross-sectional study we need to see what is happening at one particular point in time. A researcher might collect cross-sectional data on past smoking habits and current diagnoses of lung cancer, for example. Login or create a profile so that you can create alerts and save clips, playlists, and searches. It can only let researchers see that the relationship is there for some reason. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables. A cross-sectional survey collects data to make inferences about a population of interest (universe) at one point in time. A longitudinal study is a research study in which the research continues for a longer period and uses the same sample at each phase. How do they know how to price products and, especially, where to market these products? These are all great questions. Study design III: Cross-sectional studies. For example, a random sample of schools across London may be used to assess the burden or prevalence of asthma among 12- to 14-year-olds. For example, researchers may find that people who reported engaging in certain health behaviors were also more likely to be diagnosed with specific ailments. Participants were women aged 18-50 years. Think of a cross-sectional study as a snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time. cross-sectional study one employing a single point of data collection for each participant or system being studied. In medical research, social science, and biology, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transverse study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that analyzes data from a population, or a representative subset, at a specific point in time—that is, cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies involve taking multiple measures over an extended period. It is used for examining phenomena expected to remain static through the period of interest. Researchers can collect data on a few different variables to see how differences in sex, age, educational status, and income, for example, might correlate with the critical variable of interest. For example, researchers studying developmental psychology might select groups of people who are different ages but investigate them at one point in time. It is often used in developmental psychology, but this method is also useful in several other areas. Cross-sectional studies are usually allow researchers to collect a great deal of information quite quickly. How Does the Cross-Sectional Research Method Work? 2006;7(1):24-5. doi:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400375, Setia MS. How Do Social Psychologists Conduct Their Research? Please note that some file types are incompatible with some mobile and tablet devices. Panel surveys usually are conducted to measure change in the population being studied. The benefit of a longitudinal study is that researc… A cross-sectional study design could be used to assess the prevalence of diabetes among adults in the United States in 2014. They are also more likely to be influenced by what is known as selective attrition, which means that some individuals are simply more likely to drop out of a study than others. For example, a cross-sectional study might be used to determine if exposure to specific risk factors might correlate with particular outcomes. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Definition: A cross-sectional study is defined as a type of observational research that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time across a sample population or a pre-defined subset. How do businesses know which new features to add to the new smartphone, iPad, or the 2015 Lexus? Individuals born during the same period may share important historical experiences, but people in that group who are born in a given geographic region may share experiences limited solely to their physical location. Example. You first conduct a cross-sectional study with a sample of diabetes patients to see if there are differences in health outcomes … Two types of survey research are cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In a cross-sectional study, investigators measure outcomes and exposures of the study subjects at the same time. As you might imagine, longitudinal studies tend to require more resources and are often more expensive than cross-sectional resources. Patients: 630 adults aged 23 to 88 years living with 1 or more chronic conditions. The primary outcome was reporting of fatigue for at least six months. Unlike longitudinal studies, which look at a group of people over an extended period, cross-sectional studies are used to describe what is happening at the present moment. 22 ( 11 ): e21672 specific point in time might correlate with outcomes. 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